Chemical Equilibrium, Equilibrium Constant, Reaction Quotient and Shifting of Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium, Equilibrium Constant, Reaction Quotient and Shifting of Equilibrium
Mathematically,
Consider a reaction, A → B in which the concentrations of A and B changes with time as follows:
Thus if we consider the concentrations at time 5 minutes and
10 minutes, we have,
Rate of reaction = Dx / Dt = – (1.25 –
1.35) mol L-1 / (10 –5) sec
= (0.25 – 0.15) mol L-1 /
(10 –5) sec
= 0.02 mol L-1 S –1
Note: 1. Unit of rate of reaction is mol L-1 S –1
Note: 2. A negative sign is multiplied while
calculating rate of reaction w.r.t. the reactant to get a positive value
because rate of reaction can’t be negative.
Law of mass action: Rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the active masses of reacting species raised to the power equal to stoichiometric coeeficients.
For normal calculations and in general for dilute solutions, active masses of solutes in solutions are considered to be equal molar concentrations. Active masses of gaseous species is equal to its partial pressure. Active masses of pure liquids and solids are taken as unity.
Consider a reaction A ------> product
According to Law of mass action, rate at which A reacts α [A]
(where [A] = concentration of A )
If we consider a reaction, A + B --------> Product
Then, According to Law of mass action, rate at which A reacts α [A]
Rate at which B reacts α [B]
And the rate of the chemical reaction α [A] . [B]
If we consider 2A --------> Product Or A + A ---------> Product
According to Law of mass action,
rate at which A reacts = the rate of the chemical reaction α [A] . [A] = [A]2
Kc (Eq. Const. in terms of concentration) = [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b ………. eq. 1. Or
Kp = (Eq. Const. in terms of partial pressure) = PC c . PD d / PA a . PB b …….. eq. 2
The concentrations or partial
pressures of C, D, A and B here are the concentrations or partial pressures
when the reversible reaction is at equilibrium. But if the concentrations or
partial pressures at any other instant are put into the same expression as eq.
1 or eq. 2, then it gives reaction quotient (Q c or Q P).
If Q c > Kc or Q P > K p , then the
reversible reaction proceeds in the backward direction forming more reactants.
Similarly, if Q c < Kc or Q P
< K p , then the reversible reaction proceeds in the forward
direction forming more products.
This concept can be applied to any
reversible reaction to predict how far the equilibrium is.
Let us consider the preparation of ammonia in Haber’s Process.
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3.
Suppose the reaction is at equilibrium.
We can write,
Kp
= (P NH3)2 / (P N2) . (P H2)3
……… eq. 3
If at this condition if we increase the
volume to double its equilibrium volume, then partial pressure of each component
becomes halved, and the reaction no longer exists in equilibrium. The same
expression (as mentioned in eq. 3) gives us the reaction quotient, Qp.
Thus Qp = (P NH3 / 2)2 / (P N2 / 2) . (P H2 / 2)3
= 4 . (P NH3)2 / (P N2) . (P H2)3
= 4 . Kp
=> Q P > K p ,
then the reversible reaction proceeds in the backward direction forming more
reactants. Thus if we increase the volume a reversible reaction at equilibrium,
then the reaction proceeds in a direction (forward or backward) in which more
number of molecules (or moles) are formed. This can easily be seen in the above
reaction. The total number of moles of reactants is four where as the number of
moles of product is two.
We can consider other examples also
and can find that changing the volume shifts the equilibrium in any direction
only when the change in gaseous moles (Dn = np — nr ¹ 0).
This concept has been established
theoretically or logically in Le-Chatelier’s principle.
Click here to find application of Le chatelier's principle to physical and chemical equilibrium.
This post will be continuously updated. Hence continuous checking is advisable. Kindly Share with your friends and give suggestions at the comment box.
#EquilibriumConstant (Kc), #ReactionQuotient (Qc) and
#ShiftingofEquilibrium
Image credit:
Hand Shaking
ben from Openclipart, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons