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Notes On Gaseous State (BSc and Integrated Standard For all Concerned Entrance Examination)

 Notes On Gaseous State      This page provides you all details about the gaseous state of BSc standard. Concerned problems will be solved at the end of each concept. Continue till the end to find the easiest explanation of every concept you need in this regard . Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases: 1. All gas consist of a very large number of minute particles, called molecules.  2. The gas molecules are extremely small in size and are separated by large distance. The actual volume of the gas molecules is thus negligible as compared to the total volume occupied by the gas.  3. The pressure exerted by the gas is due to the bombardment of the molecules on the walls of the vessel.  4. The gas molecules collide with one another and also with the walls of the vessels. These collisions are perfectly elastic and there is no loss of energy during these collisions.  5. The distance between the gas molecules are very large. Thus, there is no effective force of attraction or r

Contribution of America towards the field of chemistry

"Chemical Pioneers: America's Enduring Contributions to Chemistry"

America has made significant contributions to the field of chemistry. Throughout its history, chemistry in America has been shaped by a combination of scientific inquiry, technological innovation, industrial progress, and educational initiatives. In almost all fields of chemistry like Inorganic, Organic, Physical, Analytical, Synthesis, Biochemistry, Environmental science, Polymer science and above all in Green chemistry America is one of the leading benefactor. TheAmerican Chemical Society (ACS) is one of the world's largest scientific organizations dedicated to the advancement of chemistry and the chemical sciences. Today, American chemists continue to push the boundaries of knowledge and contribute to addressing global challenges through their research and innovations. Some notable events are listed below:

1. 17th Century: The earliest years of European settlement in America saw limited scientific activity in the field of chemistry. However, some colonists, particularly those involved in agriculture and medicine, practiced basic forms of chemical experimentation.

2. 18th Century: The Enlightenment period brought increased interest in scientific inquiry to America. Benjamin Franklin, known for his experiments with electricity, also made contributions to the understanding of chemistry. Joseph Priestley, an English scientist who discovered oxygen, spent time in America and influenced scientific thought.

    The American Chemical Society, (ACS, founded in 1876) has played a significant role in fostering scientific research, education, and collaboration in the field of chemistry. Here are some of its key duties and achievements:

Advancement of Chemistry: The primary duty of the ACS is to advance the science of chemistry. It achieves this by promoting research, innovation, and the dissemination of knowledge through its numerous publications, conferences, and educational programs.

Click here for India's chronology of chemical brilliance.

Publication of Journals and Magazines: ACS publishes some of the most prestigious journals in the field of chemistry, including the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), Chemical Reviews, and ACS Nano, among others. These publications serve as vital platforms for scientists to share their research findings and stay updated on the latest developments in chemistry.

Education and Outreach: ACS is committed to promoting chemistry education at all levels, from K-12 to graduate school and beyond. It provides resources for educators, organizes outreach programs, and supports initiatives aimed at increasing public awareness and appreciation of chemistry.

Advocacy and Policy: The ACS advocates for policies and funding that support scientific research and innovation in chemistry. It works with government agencies, policymakers, and other stakeholders to address issues related to scientific funding, education, and environmental regulations.

You can also see development of chemistry in Germany here.

Professional Development: ACS offers various resources and opportunities for professional development to its members, including networking events, career services, and leadership training programs. It also recognizes outstanding contributions to the field through awards and honors.

Global Collaboration: ACS fosters collaboration and exchange of ideas among chemists and scientists worldwide through its international partnerships, conferences, and collaborative research initiatives.

Support for Diversity and Inclusion: ACS is committed to promoting diversity and inclusion within the chemistry community. It supports initiatives aimed at increasing representation and opportunities for underrepresented groups in science and provides resources to promote diversity in the chemical workforce.

Overall, the American Chemical Society plays a crucial role in advancing the field of chemistry through its efforts in research, education, advocacy, and professional development, contributing significantly to scientific progress and innovation.

3. 19th Century: Chemistry became more established as a scientific discipline in America during the 19th century. Notable figures such as Benjamin Silliman, considered the father of American chemistry, made significant contributions. Silliman established the first American chemical laboratory at Yale University and conducted pioneering research in mineralogy, geology, and chemical analysis.

4. Late 19th Century: The late 19th century saw the rise of industrial chemistry in America. Companies like DuPont, founded in 1802, played a significant role in the development of chemical manufacturing. The rapid expansion of the chemical industry led to increased demand for trained chemists and spurred advancements in chemical research and education.

5. Early 20th Century: The early 20th century marked the establishment of many prominent chemical research institutions and universities across America. The founding of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in 1876 provided a platform for chemists to collaborate and share scientific knowledge.

6. Mid-20th Century: The mid-20th century witnessed significant advancements in areas such as polymer chemistry, organic synthesis, and medicinal chemistry. American chemists played a crucial role in the development of new materials, pharmaceuticals, and technologies.

7. Late 20th Century to Present: The latter half of the 20th century and beyond saw continued growth and diversification of chemistry in America. Emerging fields such as biochemistry, environmental chemistry, and nanotechnology became increasingly important. Technological advancements, including the development of powerful analytical instruments and computational methods, revolutionized chemical research.

Contributions of America in various fields of chemistry are as follows:

1. Discovery of the Periodic Law: Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, is credited with formulating the periodic table of elements. While Mendeleev developed the periodic table, American chemists such as Julius Lothar Meyer and Robert Bunsen contributed to its development and popularization.

2. Advancements in Organic Chemistry: American chemists have made numerous contributions to organic chemistry. For instance, the synthesis of complex organic molecules, the development of new synthetic methodologies, and the discovery of organic reaction mechanisms have been pioneered by American chemists like Robert Burns Woodward, Gilbert Stork, and Elias James Corey.

3. Polymer Chemistry: America has been at the forefront of polymer chemistry, leading to the development of various synthetic polymers and materials. Significant advancements in this field include the discovery of nylon by Wallace Carothers at DuPont and the development of synthetic rubber during World War II.

4. Nobel Prizes in Chemistry: American chemists have been awarded numerous Nobel Prizes in Chemistry for their groundbreaking discoveries. Some notable examples include Linus Pauling for his work on chemical bonding and the structure of molecules, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock, and Yves Chauvin for their development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis, and Frances Arnold for her directed evolution of enzymes.

5. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: America has been a leader in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology, contributing to our understanding of the molecular basis of life processes. American scientists have made significant contributions in areas such as protein structure and function, DNA replication and repair, and gene regulation.

6. Environmental Chemistry: American chemists have played a crucial role in understanding and addressing environmental issues such as pollution, climate change, and sustainable energy. Contributions in this area include the development of analytical techniques for environmental monitoring, the synthesis of environmentally friendly materials, and the study of atmospheric chemistry.

7. Green Chemistry: The American Chemical Society (ACS) established the Green Chemistry Institute (GCI) in 1997 to promote the principles and practices of green chemistry. The GCI serves as a hub for collaboration, education, and research in green chemistry.  American chemists, including Paul Anastas and John Warner, played a pivotal role in articulating the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry in the late 1990s. These principles provide guidelines for the design, synthesis, and use of chemicals in ways that minimize waste, conserve resources, and reduce environmental harm. Many American companies have embraced green chemistry principles and incorporated them into their research and development processes. Companies like DuPont, Dow Chemical, and Procter & Gamble have invested in green chemistry initiatives to develop safer and more sustainable products and processes. American scientists and engineers have developed innovative technologies and methodologies to address environmental challenges and promote sustainability. This includes advancements in areas such as renewable energy, green solvents, biodegradable materials, and waste minimization.

America and its chemists have been at the forefront of pioneering discoveries and innovations in the field of chemistry. Through their dedication and ingenuity, American chemists have revolutionized scientific understanding and advanced technologies that have transformed industries worldwide. Their contributions, from elucidating fundamental principles to developing groundbreaking applications, continue to shape the landscape of modern chemistry. With a commitment to excellence and a spirit of innovation, America stands as a beacon of progress in the pursuit of scientific knowledge and the quest for a better tomorrow.


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