Notes On Gaseous State This page provides you all details about the gaseous state of BSc standard. Concerned problems will be solved at the end of each concept. Continue till the end to find the easiest explanation of every concept you need in this regard . Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases: 1. All gas consist of a very large number of minute particles, called molecules. 2. The gas molecules are extremely small in size and are separated by large distance. The actual volume of the gas molecules is thus negligible as compared to the total volume occupied by the gas. 3. The pressure exerted by the gas is due to the bombardment of the molecules on the walls of the vessel. 4. The gas molecules collide with one another and also with the walls of the vessels. These collisions are perfectly elastic and there is no loss of energy during these collisions. 5. The distance between the gas molecules are very large. Thus, there is no effective force of attraction or r
"German Chemistry: A Legacy of Innovation and Discovery"
The development of chemistry in Germany spans centuries, marked by significant contributions, pioneering discoveries, and institutional advancements. Beginning in the early modern period with the practice of alchemy, German chemists such as Hennig Brand made seminal discoveries like phosphorus, laying foundational groundwork for the scientific study of matter. Throughout the Enlightenment, figures like Friedrich Hoffmann played pivotal roles in shaping chemistry as a distinct discipline.
The 19th century witnessed
the emergence of organic chemistry, propelled by the groundbreaking work of
Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wohler, who synthesized urea from inorganic
compounds. The Industrial Revolution further propelled German chemistry, with
advancements in dye production by Adolf von Baeyer and pharmaceuticals. The
establishment of leading universities and research institutes, including the
University of Gottingen and the University of Berlin fostered innovation and
collaboration. Despite challenges during periods like the Nazi era, German
chemistry persevered, leading to contemporary interdisciplinary research and
international cooperation, solidifying Germany's enduring legacy as a
powerhouse in the field of chemistry.
Find India's chronology of chemical brilliance here
Here is a timeline reflecting the
evolution of chemistry in Germany from its roots in alchemy to its current
status as a leading center of chemical research and innovation.
16th Century:
The Renaissance period saw the rise of alchemy, which laid the groundwork for
the later development of chemistry. German alchemists such as Johann Rudolf
Glauber made significant contributions to chemical knowledge.
17th Century:
1669: Hennig
Brand, a German alchemist, discovers phosphorus.
1676: German
chemist Johann Joachim Becher proposes the theory of phlogiston, an early
explanation for combustion and oxidation.
18th Century:
1734: Georg
Ernst Stahl, a German chemist, further develops the theory of phlogiston.
1749: Andreas
Sigismund Marggraf, a German chemist, isolates sugar from sugar beets, laying
the foundation for the study of organic chemistry.
1774: Karl
Wilhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist who worked extensively in Germany,
independently discovers oxygen.
1789: Antoine
Lavoisier's work on chemical nomenclature and the recognition of oxygen as an
element contributes to the demise of the phlogiston theory.
19th Century:
1807:
Friedrich Stromeyer discovers cadmium, a toxic metal.
1828:
Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea from ammonium cyanate, challenging the idea
of vitalism and opening the door to organic synthesis.
1832: Justus
von Liebig establishes the first chemical laboratory dedicated to teaching and
research at the University of Giessen.
1862: August
Wilhelm von Hofmann founds the German Chemical Society (Deutsche Chemische
Gesellschaft).
1869: Dmitry
Mendeleev publishes the first periodic table of elements, providing a
systematic framework for understanding chemical elements and their properties.
20th Century:
1912: Max von
Laue and Friedrich Wilhelm, German physicists, discover X-ray diffraction,
which revolutionizes the study of crystal structures.
1920s-1930s:
German chemists such as Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch develop the Haber-Bosch
process for ammonia synthesis, a crucial advancement in the production of
fertilizers and explosives.
1938: Otto
Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discover nuclear fission, leading to significant
developments in nuclear chemistry.
1940s-1950s:
The post-World War II period sees the rebuilding of German scientific
institutions, with a focus on collaborative research and international
cooperation.
1960s-present:
Germany remains at the forefront of chemical research and innovation, with
contributions to diverse fields including materials science, environmental
chemistry, and biochemistry.
In conclusion, chemistry in Germany is a testament to the nation's enduring legacy of scientific inquiry, innovation, and collaboration. From the early alchemical explorations to the systematic advancements of the Enlightenment, and the revolutionary discoveries of the 19th and 20th centuries, German chemists have continuously pushed the boundaries of knowledge and transformed our understanding of the natural world. Despite facing challenges during tumultuous periods such as the Nazi era, German chemistry has thrived, contributing significantly to diverse fields including organic synthesis, industrial chemistry, and materials science. Today, Germany remains at the forefront of global scientific research, with its universities, research institutions, and industrial facilities continuing to drive forward the frontiers of chemistry. As we reflect on the rich tapestry of achievements and milestones that mark the development of chemistry in Germany, it is clear that the legacy of its chemists will continue to inspire future generations of scientists and shape the course of scientific inquiry for years to come.