Soul of Chemistry

Notes on Chemical Bonding Chemical bonding is a fundamental concept in chemistry that explains how atoms combine to form molecules and compounds. There are several types of chemical bonds, each with its own characteristics and properties. > Types of Chemical Bonds: Ionic Bonds: An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that forms between two atoms with significantly different electronegativities. It is formed considerably between metals and nonmetals. Such bonds are formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other. Examples: Common examples of compounds held together by ionic bonds include sodium chloride (table salt), potassium chloride (used in some salt substitutes), calcium carbonate (found in chalk and shells), and magnesium oxide. The figure below explains how sodium ion looses one electron which is accepted by chlorine atom. Thus sodium becomes a cation and chlorine becomes an anion. An electrostatic force of attraction between these ...

 Notes on Generic Elective Physics - II Atomic and Nuclear Physics Inadequacy of classical physics: Classical physics, also called Newtonian physics, is a scientific framework that was developed to describe the motion of objects on macroscopic scales. It is highly successful in explaining and predicting the behavior of everyday objects, such as the motion of planets, the behavior of fluids, and the mechanics of solid objects. However, classical physics has certain limitations and fails to adequately describe certain phenomena observed in the natural world. Here are a few areas where classical physics is inadequate: 1.Quantum Mechanics: Classical physics cannot explain the behavior of particles on the atomic and subatomic scale. Quantum mechanics, a branch of physics developed in the early 20th century, provides a more accurate description of the behavior of particles at these scales. Quantum mechanics introduces concepts such as wave-particle duality, superposition, and u...

 Notes on GE Chemistry - II (Generic Elective Chemistry - II) Aromatic Hydrocarbons:      Compounds having chemistry similar to benzene are traditionally known as aromatic compounds. Benzene shows some unexpected chemical behaviour and a remarkable stability despite the presence of high degree of unsaturation. This special characteristic which imparts stability to the aromatic compounds is called the aromaticity.     Aromaticity is a property of typical cyclic planar molecular structures which are generally more stable compared to similar geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms due to pi bonds in resonanance (or delocalisation of electrons). Conditions of aromaticity: The compounds or species are considered to be aromatic if they fulfill the following conditions: 1. The cyclic compounds must have conjugated double bonds. 2. Each ring atom should have an unhybridised p orbital to result in sp2 hybidisation. These unhybridised p or...

Generic Elective Chemistry- Paper I      Students of different honours often find it difficult to get G.E (Generic elective) chemistry question papers and solution . This post will help you meet all your needs  by bringing you the most probable questions (Long and Short) in GE -I chemistry . Read to the end  carefully  and find important links. GET ALL NOTES BY CLICKING ME.         The GE - I (Chemistry) consists of two parts : Inorganic and Organic. Several most probable question have been prepared from both of these sections.  Prepare all the long questions and automatically you will be able to answer the short questions. Most probable short questions are given is another link below.               Now a days, direct chemistry questions are not asked rather asked from bit by bit. Hence you have to read and memorize the concept clearly. If you want to get GE - I chemistry full course l...